: A wave of uprisings known as the "Spring of Nations" swept across Europe as people demanded democratic reforms and national independence.
: European monarchs met in 1815 to restore old borders, but the "genie" of revolution was already out of the bottle. 2. The Industrial Revolution: Steam and Iron (1800s) vsemirnaia istoriia novorgo vremeni reshebnik 9 klassa
: A new class of workers (the proletariat) emerged, leading to the birth of labor movements and new ideologies like Marxism (the Communist Manifesto was published in 1848). 3. The "Spring of Nations" and Unification (1848–1871) : A wave of uprisings known as the