The Ottoman Empire, 1300-1650 -

: Overhauled the legal system, earning the title "The Lawgiver."

Claimed the title of , making the Sultan the spiritual leader of Islam. Suleiman the Magnificent (r. 1520–1566) The Ottoman Empire, 1300-1650

Conquered the Mamluk Sultanate (Egypt, Syria, and the Holy Cities). : Overhauled the legal system, earning the title

: Positioned near the weakening Byzantine Empire. : Overhauled the legal system