Cipolla categorizes behavior into four types based on gains/losses for oneself and others:
A stupid person causes losses to others without gaining anything themselves. The basic laws of human stupidity
Book Review-The Basic Laws of Human Stupidity - Thor Projects Cipolla categorizes behavior into four types based on
The is a seminal essay by Italian economic historian Carlo M. Cipolla , first published in 1976. It presents a satirical yet rigorous framework for understanding stupidity as a distinct and highly dangerous social force. The Five Basic Laws The basic laws of human stupidity
The probability of being stupid is independent of any other characteristic, such as education or status.
Everyone consistently underestimates the number of stupid individuals.
Non-stupid people fail to realize how costly dealing with stupid people is.