: Modern theory, particularly that of David Bordwell, argues that spectators are not passive "victims" of a story but active participants who use "schemata" (mental frameworks) to test hypotheses and draw inferences about the plot.
: Associated with early Soviet cinema, focusing on collective action and ideological messaging rather than individual psychology. Narration in the Fiction Film
: Often prioritizes character interiority and ambiguity over a clear plot, using fragmented structures to reflect complex psychological states. : Modern theory, particularly that of David Bordwell,
: Narratives control the audience's experience by manipulating: Quantity : Withholding or overloading information. : Modern theory