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For sculptors like Chillida , the "empty space" within or around the piece became as important as the physical material itself.

Artists moved beyond stone and metal, experimenting with concrete, plastic, iron, and industrial waste . Download escultura del siglo pdf

The human figure ceased to be the primary subject; it was replaced by geometric forms and abstraction. For sculptors like Chillida , the "empty space"

The Industrial Revolution introduced new methods for bronze casting , making large-scale public monuments more accessible. The Industrial Revolution introduced new methods for bronze

The 20th century saw the most significant changes in sculptural history, mirroring movements in painting like and Dadaism .

Marcel Duchamp challenged the definition of art by using everyday objects as sculptures, emphasizing concept over craftsmanship. Downloadable Resources (PDF)

The 1800s began with a heavy focus on the , primarily using marble and bronze to depict mythological or heroic figures.