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: By using the known size of objects and camera focal lengths, the system can estimate the distance of a worker or machine within a small margin of error.

: Adjusts risk based on where the camera is mounted on the machine (e.g., blind spots). How the Video Was Created 999 Part 1(1).mp4

: Scenarios were built in Unity 3D to mimic real-world construction tasks, such as collaborative excavation. : By using the known size of objects

Because real-world collision data is dangerous and expensive to collect, researchers used a approach: Because real-world collision data is dangerous and expensive

: The study noted that moving machine parts (like an excavator's arm) can sometimes obstruct the view or cause perspective distortion, leading to slight distance errors.

: The system significantly decreased the number of "nuisance" alarms compared to static sensors, as it understands when a worker or another machine is approaching safely for collaboration.