: A state where no single objective (e.g., cost) can be improved without degrading another (e.g., reliability).
: The authors propose a two-module analytical model:
The research focuses on for electricity distribution companies. These companies must decide which reinforcement projects to invest in given limited budgets and multiple, often conflicting, objectives.
: Uses the NSGA-II (Nondominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm II) to find a set of tradeoff solutions (the Pareto-optimal frontier).
: To optimize the global value of a project portfolio by selecting and scheduling projects across a multistage planning horizon.